[Effectiveness of the management of spinal problems with UMLP-07].

The UMLP-07 system for multifactorial treatment of the spinal column allows for the performance of various therapeutic procedures including relaxation of muscular-ligamentous structures by correction of their anatomical configuration due to flowability of the large mass of glass balls. The balls radioactively heated to the work temperature exhibit high thermal capacity and deeply warm up spinal structures thereby activating metabolic repair processes. Hinge elements of head and leg supports allow for controlled traction of the spine by elimination of functional blocks. Moreover, the balls produce acupuncture-like effect on biologically active points at the back of the body. Courses of therapy for the treatment of degenerative and dystrophic changes in the spine based on the use of UMLP-07 help to alleviate pain, correct asymmetry of right and left leg loading, improve dorsolumbar muscle hypertone, increase mobility of the spinal column.

[The development of the syndrome of congestive parenchymatous organs under conditions of short-term hypokinesia]. / Razvitie sindroma zastoinykh parenkhimatoznykh organov v usloviiakh kratkovremennoi gipokinezii.

Five series of head-down (-10 degrees to -30 degrees, up to 18 hr) tilt tests were performed with participation of 65 healthy male subjects. The ultrasonic technique was used to investigate the liver, spleen, pancreas, kidney, and the main abdominal vessels, i.e. aorta in the abdomen and superior mesenteric artery, interior caval, portal, and splenic veins. A few hours of HDT already brought about a complex of load-deprivation reflexes (the syndrome of stagnant parenchymal organs) characterized by a prolonged venous congestion in the abdominal organs-vessels system, increases in sizes and blood filling of the liver, spleen, pancreas, kidney, and the main arteries and veins in this hemodynamic region. This was the first time when increases in pancreas including its head, body and tail, and the abdominal blood vessels were quantified at the beginning of adaptation to HDT. The load-deprivation reflexes arising in this period were hemodynamic by nature. Considering the significant functional strain of the abdominal organs and vessels and particularly the limited control of excessive blood flow towards the pancreas and kidneys, there is a good reason to look into the ways to improve the existing countermeasures against the consequences of immobilization for humans both in general clinic and preventive medicine, and in short- and long-term space missions.

[From present day aviation medicine to aviation anthropologic ecology of the future]. / Ot aviatsionnoi meditsiny nastoiashchego k aviatsionnoi antropoekologii budushchego.

Rationale is given to the proposition that aviation medicine including psychophysiology and ergonomics is a peculiar kind of aviation anthropoecology as a variety of the present-day integrative science of human. This is grounded, firstly, on analysis of any scientific finding of aviation medicine in the light of two principles of the contemporary occupational medicine, i.e. human health and reasonable risk (which is an equivalent of safety) and, secondly, systemic study from this angle of all, from molecular to social, levels of the biological integration man of flying.

[Prediction of tolerance of longitudinal linear head-to-tail accelerations of short duration (up to 5 seconds)]. / Prognoz perenosimosti prodol'nykh lineinykh uskorenii "taz--golova" maloi dlitel'nosti (do 5 sekund).

The paper is focused on prediction of loss of consciousness and grey-out during short (up to 5 s) impulses of longitudinal head-to-tail accelerations with high buildup gradients (more than 50 m/s3). This is a poorly explored region of exposure on the borderline between impulsive and maneuvering accelerations of the modern aircraft. On the basis of comparing the prediction with available experimental data, prognostic potentials of various modifications of criterion which includes the maximum allowable values of velocity in this range of exposure are demonstrated.

[Medical aspects of prolongation of occupational longevity]. / Meditsinskie aspekty prodleniia professional'nogo dolgoletiia.

Rationale is given to the necessity of methodical approaches to extension of total and active periods of human life. Methods and measures intended to maintain/restore working capacity of human operator of automated working place are recommended.

[Advancement and goals of the aviation human engineering]. / Dostizheniia i zadachi aviatsionnoi ergonomiki.

Analyzed were the efforts of the State Scientific-Research Test Institute of Aviation and Space Medicine to weigh and account the human factor in designing and upgrading avionics and aviation machinery. Described are the policy of human engineering support to the development, evaluation, and operation of aviation machinery, and the benefits from the human factor knowledge to the specifications for aviation machinery and allowance for the psychophysiological aptitudes of human on different phases of development of ergatic aviation systems. Outlined is the mainstream of ergonomic enhancement of the quality and safety, and humanization of the activities of different aviation specialists.

[Aviation medicine in Russia on the threshold of the 3d millennium]. / Aviatsionnaia meditsina v Rossii na poroge III tysiacheletiia.

Analysis of the interrelated development of aviation technologies and aeromedical science pointed out that the mainstream of aviation medicine as science is integration of human factors equally in the processes of aviation technology development, testing, and operation. Focus is placed on the methodology of aviation medicine and prospect for its refining in the interests of better effectiveness and safety of flights, maintenance of health and prolongation of career of all categories of flying personnel.

The modern concepts of osseous tissue changes in spaceflight.

NASA: This paper examines possible physiological mechanisms responsible for the loss of bone tissue associated with spaceflight. The authors apply the philosophical theories of V.I. Vernadsky to develop some models or algorithms of the body's functional systems and how they relate to bone loss. Loss of bone mineral content is discussed with relation to the functioning of other systems and organs, such as the liver, lungs, kidneys, endocrine system, etc. Coefficients of correlation are presented and discussed.^ieng

[Current problems of aviation medicine (the 60th anniversary of the State Research Institute of Aviation and Space Medicine)]. / Sovremennye problemy aviatsionnoi meditsiny (k 60-letiiu Gosudarstvennogo nauchno-issledovatel'skogo ispytatel'nogo instituta aviatsionnoi i kosmicheskoi meditsiny MO RF)

The paper provides a brief review of topical problems of aviation medicine as an ingredient of occupational medicine. It considers the most important guidelines and concepts which ensure efficiency and reliability of skilled performance of specialists and shows the significance of research and practical advances of aviation medicine for human health promotion in our country.

[Current aspects of creation of expert systems in aviation medicine]. / Aktual'nye voprosy sozdaniia ékspertnykh sistem v aviatsionnoi meditsiny.

Topical directions of developing the medical expert systems (MES) are considered. The problems to be solved by using programming and informational means as part of MES are discussed. A classification of the knowledge of expert physicians who directly deal with decision making is proposed. The characteristics of the developed MES well appreciated by the results of their operation are given. They show new trends associated with the update of medical knowledge and the developmental level of information technologies.

[Problems of flight safety and effectiveness of aviation specialists' activities]. / Problemy bezopasnosti poletov i éffektivnosti deiatel'nosti aviatsionnykh spetsialistov.

In all cases reliability of aviation specialists' activities is a parameter influenced by complex of intrinsic and extrinsic matters. That proves the concept of absolutely safe flights to be inadequate, necessitates justification of the maximal safety level providing the reliability degree which is potentially available. The actual risk always exceeds the expected one, and the difference between them shows the resources and approaches to optimize aviation systems through more reliable specialists and equipment. Flight accidents have three groups of causes traced to human factor. The first group comprises social factors and peculiarities of pilots' and aviation supervisors' training. This group is in charge of nearly 50% of the accidents. The second group includes ergonomic drawbacks of the equipment and induces 25% of flight accidents. The third group covers medical and psychologic factors which show not only the pilot's health, but the functional resources tending to decrease during the activities. This group also causes about 25% of the accidents. If higher expenses for training of pilot causing the accident risk equal to 0.01, amount of flight accidents could decrease several times, and overall expenses will be optimal (nearly 2 times lower than now).

[Ecological aspects of aviation ergonomics]. / Ekologicheskie aspekty aviatsionnoi érgonomiki.

The authors analyzed human role in ecologic system, using the principle "human--environment--health", and human function in ecologic and ergonomic system, using the principle "operator--environment--occupational reliability" for aviation ergonomics. Unfavorable ecologic environment influencing the operator was considered a complex stress factor composed of objective environmental and emotional elements. The authors describe human response to physiologically adequate and inadequate stress factors. The article stresses good prospects associated with application of aviation ergonomics to targeting some problems.